The Sources of Long-Run Growth in Spain, 1850-2000
研究了1850-2000年间西班牙产出和劳动生产率的长期增长源泉，发现资本积累和效率提升互补，1950年前以要素积累为主，之后全要素生产率主导增长，铁路、电气化和新技术采用是关键推动力。
Between 1850 and 2000 Spain's real output and labor productivity grew at average rates of 2.5 and 2.1 percent. The sources of this long-run growth are investigated here for the first time. Broad capital accumulation and efficiency gains appear as complementary in Spain's long-term growth. Factor accumulation dominated long-run growth up to 1950, while total factor productivity (TFP) led thereafter and, especially, during periods of growth acceleration. The main spurts in TFP and capital coincide with the impact of the railroads (1850s-1880), the electrification (the 1920s and 1950s), and to the adoption of new vintage technology during the Golden Age.