Leadership ratings: Toward focusing more on specific behaviors
主张在领导力评级中更严格地定义“行为”，区分领导行为、感知和有效性，并借鉴社会认知研究提出提高评级准确性的方法。
Current leadership rating scales emphasize assessing behaviors rather than other characteristics. Yet an examination of their content, as well as the current research literature, suggests that they tap much more. In the interest of increasing the utility of leadership ratings, a relatively narrow conception of “behavior” is advocated, and leadership-behavior is contrasted with leadership-perception and leadership-effectiveness. Recent discoveries in social-cognition regarding factors that influence encoding and retrieval of behavior episodes are reviewed. They suggest a number of steps that might be taken to increase the accuracy of leadership ratings as measures of leaders' actual behaviors.