PLANNING PROCESS ARCHETYPES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
通过案例研究识别出五种规划过程原型，比较其采用率和感知质量，发现评估型过程最成功，而时间压力和资源等情境因素影响不同原型的适用性。
ABSTRACT Case studies of planning were profiled to identify how practitioners carry out a planning process. Five archetype processes emerged from the analyses which were named evaluative, historical model, off‐the‐shelf, search, and nova. These five processes were compared in terms of their adoption rate and perceived quality. The evaluative process was found to be the most successful, followed by the historical model and off‐the‐shelf processes. Nova and search processes had the least success. Contextual factors, such as time pressure and resources available, were included in the analyses to identify conditions of use for each process type. In situations where time pressure was high or the planning concerned services, the off‐the‐shelf model produced the best results; in situations where time pressure was low or the planning concerned internal operations, the historical model produced the best results. Most of the planning activity in organizations appears to be informal and heuristic, ignoring the methods described in the planning literature.