Employee Initiative and Managerial Control
研究了在经理和员工都能提出新想法时，管理参与和权力分配如何影响员工主动性，发现正式授权加上有限但积极的经理参与最能激发员工主动性。
I analyze the impact of managerial involvement and the allocation of authority on employee initiative in a setting where both a manager and an employee can originate new ideas for implementation. I show that employee initiative is maximized through the combination of formal authority and limited but positive levels of involvement by the manager, a result which thus qualifies the motivational advantages of both formal delegation and a hands-off management strategy. This result arises through an indirect monitoring role played by managerial involvement that has been absent in previous frameworks, and the implications of which for the optimal organizational arrangement are further analyzed.