Demand for Environmental Goods: Evidence from Voting Patterns on California Initiatives
研究了加州16项环境提案的投票行为，发现环境对中等收入者是正常商品，但对高收入者部分环境商品是劣等品；收入和价格解释了大部分投票差异，无需引入意识形态等偏好变量。
This article studies voting behavior on 16 environmental ballot propositions in California in order to characterize the demand for environmental goods. The environment is found to be a normal good for people with mean incomes, but some environmental goods are inferior for those with high incomes, at least when supplied collectively. An important “price” of environmental goods is reduced income in the construction, farming, forestry, and manufacturing industries. Income and price can explain most of the variation in voting; there is little need to introduce “preference” variables such as political ideology.