The Manure Hits the Land: Economic and Environmental Implications When Land Application of Nutrients Is Constrained
分析限制动物粪便在土地上施用对美国农业和水质的经济与环境影响，发现当粪便难以替代化肥时，约束可能导致农业收益和农村经济显著变化，部分成本通过涨价转嫁给消费者。
The discharge of manure nutrients into area waters from confined animal feeding operations is considered a leading contributor to U.S. water quality impairments. An option to mitigate these impairments is to constrain land application of manure. When these constraints are particularly binding, due to minimal acceptance of manure as a substitute for commercial fertilizer, potentially large and unanticipated changes in returns to agricultural production and water quality may occur. Moreover, some of the cost of meeting the constraints is passed on to consumers through higher prices and to a portion of rural economies through lower production rates and labor expenditures.