HISTORICAL TRADITIONS OF CIVICNESS AND LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT*
研究意大利历史传统中的社会资本（信任、互惠与合作习惯）如何通过工人生产率、创业和女性劳动参与影响地方经济表现，使用19世纪末公民参与和中世纪地方政府作为工具变量。
ABSTRACT The paper investigates the importance of history for local economic performance in Italy by studying the role of social capital, which refers to trust, reciprocity and habits of co-operation that are shared among members of a local community. The paper presents a test based on worker productivity, entrepreneurship, and female labor market participation. Using as instruments regional differences in civic involvement in the late 19th century and local systems of government in the middle ages, it shows that social capital does have economic effects.