The Two Key Principles Behind Effective TQM Programs
从经济学和组织视角分析全面质量管理，认为它是一种基于科学、非层级、非市场导向的新型组织技术，通过鼓励科学决策和减少防御行为来提高生产力，并促进组织内特定知识的有效创造与使用。
We analyse Total Quality Management (TQM) from an economic and organisational perspective. We find that TQM is a new organising technology that is science‐based, non‐hierarchical and non‐market‐oriented. It improves productivity by encouraging the use of science in decision‐making and discouraging counter‐productive defensive behaviour. It also encourages effective creation and use of specific knowledge throughout the organisation. Effective implementation of TQM generally requires major changes in all three components of the organisational rules of the game, namely systems for allocating decision rights, performance measurement systems, and reward and punishment systems.