Class systems and the enforcement of social norms
分析了一个存在社会性低效竞争的模型，发现对低收入者制裁无效导致低效行为无法被抑制，而社会可能分化为上层抑制低效行为、下层不抑制的阶级体系。
We analyze a model in which there is socially inefficient competition among people. In this model, self-enforcing social norms can potentially control the inefficient competition. However, the inefficient behavior often cannot be suppressed in equilibrium among those with the lowest income due to the ineffectiveness of sanctions against those in the society with the least to lose. We demonstrate that, in such cases, it may be possible for society to be divided into distinct classes, with inefficient behavior suppressed in the upper classes but not in the lower.