The Leontief Paradox, Reconsidered
用赫克歇尔-俄林-瓦内克模型证明，判断一国资本相对丰裕需满足三个条件之一；里昂惕夫1947年美国数据满足条件(b)，表明美国实际是资本丰裕国，而他比较Kx/Lx与Km/Lm的方法在理论上不恰当。
Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model of trade, it is shown that a country is revealed to be relatively well endowed in capital compared with labor if and only if one of the following three conditions holds, where K"x, K"m, L"x, L"m, K"c, L"c are capital and labor embodied in exports, imports, and consumption: (a) K"x - K"m > 0, L"x - L"m < 0; (b) K"x - K"m > 0, L"x - L"m > 0, (K"x - K"m)/(L"x - L"m) > K"c/L"c; (c) K"x - K"m < 0, L"x - L"m < 0, (K"x - K"m)/(L"x - L"m) < K"c/L"c. Leontief's data for the United States in 1947 satisfy b, and the United States is actually revealed by trade to be capital abundant. The comparison by Leontief of K"x/L"x with K"m/L"m is shown to be theoretically inappropriate.