The Pattern of Protection in the Industralized World
利用1975年四位数制造业数据，估计美国、日本、欧共体和加拿大在肯尼迪回合后的关税与非关税壁垒的结构性决定因素，发现非关税壁垒削弱了肯尼迪回合的自由化，并歧视发展中国家制成品出口。
Using four-digit manufacturing data from 1975 on nominal and effective tariff protection and nontariff barriers to trade (NTBs), we estimate the structural determinants of protection imposed by the United States, Japan, the European Community and Canada in the Post-Kennedy Round period. We provide evidence that NTBs were used to undercut Kennedy Round liberalization in general and to supplement tariff protection of consumer goods, agricultural manufactures and textiles. Industrialized country NTBs discriminate against manufactured exports from developing countries. We explain that discrimination and the pervasive use of NTBs in the EC in terms of our regulatory theory of trade.