Malaria Eradication in the Americas: A Retrospective Analysis of Childhood Exposure
利用美国（约1920年）及巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥（约1955年）的疟疾根除运动，发现童年接触疟疾会显著降低成年后的劳动收入，但疟疾并非地区收入差异的主因。
This study uses the malaria-eradication campaigns in the United States (circa 1920), and in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico (circa 1955) to measure how much childhood exposure to malaria depresses labor productivity. The campaigns began because of advances in health technology, which mitigates concerns about reverse causality. Malarious areas saw large drops in the disease thereafter. Relative to non-malarious areas, cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation. These cross-cohort changes coincided with childhood exposure to the campaigns rather than to pre-existing trends. Estimates suggest a substantial, though not predominant, role for malaria in explaining cross-region differences in income.