Grassroots organizations and NGOs in rural development: Opportunities with diminishing states and expanding markets
系统分析了非政府组织和基层组织在农村发展中的作用，区分了机构与组织，并讨论了亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的案例，适合关注农村发展、集体行动和公私部门关系的学者。
This article undertakes to deal systematically with nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and grassroots organizations (GROs), usually treated as a residual category. Ten levels for development decision making and action are identified in the tradition of central place theory. Three of these are considered ″local″ or ″grassroots″ because of their collective action possibilities. Then, three sectors are delineated, instead of the usual two. NGOs are part of the collective action sector which differs from the public and private sectors in theoretically consistent ways. A careful distinction is made between institutions and organizations, usually conflated in the literature. Examples of accelerated rural development through grassroots organizations and NGOs are discussed form Asia, Africa, and Latin America.