Development, Application, and Evaluation Of an “Action-Reaction” Planning Method
提出一种行动-反应规划方法，明确考虑系统对项目效果的限制，并通过医疗保健项目示例展示其应用，帮助政策制定者更现实地评估结果。
It is difficult to design and implement new public policies and programs, at least partially owing to the fact that few useful methods are available to help shape the planning, decision-making, and implementation processes required for change. Planning often tends to focus on wishful thinking rather than on a realistic assessment of the probable outcomes. In this article we describe an action-reaction approach to planning that explicitly recognizes the restrictions on program impact arising from the system in which change is being attempted. A hypothetical example shows the application of this method to the design of a health-care delivery program. The article concludes with a discussion of the long-term uses of the data base that may be compiled with this method.