Non‐parametric Productivity Analysis with Undesirable Outputs: An Application to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry
扩展了Chavas-Cox非参数方法，纳入非期望产出（如污染物）来更完整地刻画生产技术，并用加拿大纸浆与造纸业的时间序列数据验证，发现忽略污染物的传统方法会低估真实生产率增长，且DEA方法的内外边界估计差异大。
Abstract This article extends the Chavas‐Cox approach to non‐parametric analysis by incorporating undesirable outputs to provide a more complete representation of the production technology. Inner and outer non‐parametric technology bounds are constructed. The methods are illustrated with application to time series data for the Canadian pulp and paper industry. Conventional measures that ignore changes in pollutant outputs underestimate true productivity growth. Further, there is a large gap between estimates generated with reference to inner and outer bounds to the technology, suggesting that researchers need to be aware of the limitations of results derived from analyses relying only on DEA methods.