Does Clean Water Make You Dirty?: Water Supply and Sanitation in the Philippines
研究了菲律宾宿务地区供水投资与家庭卫生行为之间的负相关关系，发现清洁水和卫生设施存在替代性，且邻居的卫生行为具有互补性，可能导致清洁水带来意想不到的负面后果。
Water supply investments in developing countries may inadvertently worsen sanitation if clean water and sanitation are substitutes. This paper examines the negative correlation between the provision of piped water and household sanitary behavior in Cebu, the Philippines. In a model of household sanitation, a local externality leads to a sanitation complementarity that magnifies the compensatory response. Empirical results are consistent with the hypotheses that clean water and sanitation are substitutes and that neighbors' sanitation levels are complements. In this situation, clean water may have large unintended consequences.