The Role of Employer/Employee Interactions in Labor Market Cycles: Evidence from the Self-Employed
比较自雇者与受薪工人在工作时长和收入上的周期波动差异，发现自雇者工资和年收入周期波动更大，但工作时长周期差异小，支持雇主平滑收入而不影响工时效率的契约模型。
Self-employed workers are less likely to be affected by implicit contracts, efficiency wages, and other forces that mute wage cyclicality and exacerbate employment cyclicality. This observation motivates the authors' comparison of the cyclical experience of the self-employed with 'wage and salary' workers who clearly have an employer. They find negligible or small differences in annual hours cyclicality between the two groups, but hourly wages and annual earnings are much more cyclical for the self-employed. These results are consistent with efficient contracting models where employers smooth workers' income without causing inefficiencies in hours of work. Copyright 1996 by University of Chicago Press.