Global Production and Trade: Factor Migration and Commercial Policy with International Scale Economies
构建了一个国际规模经济下的贸易一般对偶模型，分析外国投资、劳动力迁移和商业政策，发现保护主义并非直接援助的次优选择，反而会阻碍产业整合、降低效率，仅能通过贸易条件效应改善国民福利。
Spillover effects associated with international scale economies are an immediate result of global and regional integration of industries and have important implications for commercial policy. In this paper, a general, dual model of trade under international scale economies is developed and applied to examine foreign investment, labor migration, and commercial policy. Notwithstanding the intuition of policymakers, protection is not a second-best alternative to direct assistance. It reduces the efficiency of the protected sectors by hindering integration and can only improve national welfare through terms-of-trade related effects, somewhat along the line of classic optimal tariff arguments. Copyright 1994 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.