The incremental time costs of children: An analysis of children's impact on adult time use in Australia
利用1997年澳大利亚时间使用调查数据，分析不同数量和年龄儿童的家庭在时间分配上的差异，并考察夫妻间育儿、无偿工作及总工作负担的分配，揭示儿童的真实时间成本。
Raising children takes both time and money. Scholars have sought convincing ways to capture the costs of children, but even when these estimates include indirect costs, such as mothers’ foregone earnings, they fall short of the true time costs involved. This paper uses data from the 1997 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Time Use Survey to study how the allocation of time differs across households with varying numbers and ages of children and how households with children differ from those without children. It also examines the intra household division of time resources, showing how childcare, related unpaid work, and the total market and non-market workloads compare for a couple in the same household. It includes secondary activity in an analysis of total parental time commitments to give a more accurate picture of the time cost of children than is possible on the basis of analyzing ‘‘primary’’ activities alone.