Formalism, logic and reality: a Keynesian analysis
论证形式化方法并非中性，探讨在封闭条件下用形式方法得到的结果如何应用于现实经济系统，并强调需要临时封闭和多种方法来补充形式建模。
It is the purpose of this paper to elaborate on the argument that formalism is non‐neutral; analyses which today would be described as informal turn into something quite different when formalised. The reasons for non‐neutrality refer to the choice of assumptions or axioms, the choice of method, the type of logic employed and closure. Focusing on the last three of these, the paper addresses the question of how to move from results obtained with formal methods under conditions of closure to the reality one is attempting to model. We explore the need for provisional closure to analyse open systems and for a range of methods to complement formal modelling in the attempt to understand the complex reality of an economic system.