Racial Integration as an Innovation: Empirical Evidence from Sports Leagues
将种族融合视为经济创新过程，利用美国职棒大联盟和ACC篮球联赛数据，发现获胜球队而非失败球队率先推动种族融合，支持企业家精神胜过竞争压力的观点。
This paper treats racial integration as an innovation in economic process in which economic entities find it advantageous to utilize potentially more productive inputs previously unavailable due to law, custom, or managerial discretion. Data on the racial integration of Major League Baseball and Atlantic Coast Conference basketball are employed to address this issue. The central question examined is which type of team integrated first—losers or winners? The results strongly support the idea that entrepreneurship trumps competitive rivalry; that is, winning teams led the process of racial integration.