International Marketing Margins for Agricultural Products: Effects of Some Nontariff Trade Barriers
分析非关税贸易壁垒（如行政性贸易壁垒）如何通过贸易不确定性影响农产品营销企业的利润和商品贸易，并探讨出口补贴等干预措施的福利效果。
Abstract Trade uncertainty occurs when quality changes or when Administrative Trade Barriers (ATBs) cause a chance that a commodity will not enter the import market. Trade uncertainty adversely affects marketing firms and commodity trade. But arbitrage still precludes the distribution of rents to middlemen. An exporter subsidy may correct price distortions and expand trade towards the highest world welfare. The case for intervention appears strongest in thin markets with a low number of trade transactions and perishable commodities. Nonetheless, promoting trade liberalization before other interventions may still make sense when ATBs are present because reduced trade uncertainty also improves world welfare.