The Meaning of "Upstream" and "Downstream" and the Implications for Modeling Vertical Mergers
讨论了“上游”和“下游”的不同定义，并展示如何在一个互补寡头模型中表示它们，发现不同定义对纵向兼并的竞争效应有显著不同的影响，并提出了一个可观测的条件来指导实证研究。
This paper discusses alternative definitions of the terms "upstream" and "downstream, " and shows how each can be represented within a single model of complementary oligopoly. The different definitions have strikingly different implications for the effect of vertical mergers. While the correct definition is not obvious, the model implies an observable condition that determines the competitive effect of a vertical merger. This condition can be a guide to empirical studies of vertical mergers and integration. Copyright 1989 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.