Income, Public Works, and Mortality in Early Twentieth-Century American Cities
研究了1910年美国122个城市的死亡率差异，发现下水道系统显著降低了死亡率，而水过滤系统没有影响，这与当时公共卫生官员的信念相反。
Mortality differentials for 122 cities in the United States in 1910 are examined with specific attention given to the influence of public works projects. Sewage systems are found to have significantly reduced mortality, while water filtration systems had no impact. This runs counter to the theories and beliefs of many public health officials and sanitary engineers of the era. Other factors, including the racial and immigrant composition of the population, urban density, number of physicians, and the standard of living, are also examined.