Manure Applications and Nutrient Standards
构建了粪肥需求的概念模型，并纳入空间均衡模型，评估磷和氮监管标准对粪肥施用的福利成本。以弗吉尼亚州为例，发现标准能大幅减少过量氮磷，但导致5-15%的福利损失（未计入非市场环境价值）。
Because of environmental concerns, many states are regulating animal manure applications to crops. A conceptual model is presented to describe manure demand for crop nutrient application under alternative regulatory standards. Demand relationships are incorporated into a spatial equilibrium model to estimate welfare costs of phosphorus and nitrogen regulatory standards for manure applications. Model estimates for Virginia indicate that regulatory standards for manure application achieve large reductions in excess nitrogen and phosphorus and result in 5–15% welfare losses excluding nonmarket environmental valuation. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.