Labor Specialization, Transport Costs, and City Size
构建了一个前工业化时期城市化的简单模型，认为劳动分工带来的规模收益促进集聚，而农产品运输成本导致分散，并分析了城市制度（如行会）对均衡城市规模的影响。
This paper proposes a simple model of pre‐industrial urbanization. Agglomeration stems from increasing returns generated by the specialization of labor, whereas dispersion is provoked by the transport costs of the agricultural good. Considering the existence of some urban institutions (in particular guilds), the equilibrium size of cities is derived and it is efficient. Within this framework, the effects of urban domination (e.g., taxation of agriculture) and the emergence of primate cities are explored. Finally, the transition between early and modern urbanization is studied.