Under Threat: Responses to and the Consequences of Threats to Individuals' Identities
重新定义身份威胁为对身份价值、意义或实践的潜在伤害，并提出理论模型解释个体如何应对不同来源的身份威胁，以及这些反应对个人和组织的影响。
I review and reconceptualize identity threat, defining it as an experience appraised as indicating potential harm to the value, meanings, or enactment of an identity. I also develop a theoretical model and propositions that generate insights into how individuals respond to identity threats originating from a range of sources. I use this theory to explore individual and organizational consequences of different identity threat responses and their implications for research on identity dynamics within organizations.