Hearocracy: The Deterioration of Democracy in a Norwegian Trade Union
基于作者在挪威国家雇员工会大学分会担任三年工会代表的经历，分析了工会民主的困境：官僚任务使地方委员会超负荷，成员被动疏离，领导人借助沉默多数实现统治，形成“听政制”，并建议区分行政与政治职能以改善工会民主。
An analysis of a University branch of the Norwegian Union of State Employees, where the author was shop steward for three years, shows that formal attempts to practice democracy may be futile. Local unions boards become overloaded with bureaucratic tasks, and the members passive and alienated. Supported by a silent majority, the leaders can rule without giving the impression of being an oligarchy. This transforma tion of democracy into hearocracy is attributed to the combination of administrative and political functions in large unions. It concludes that union democracy would benefit from a clearer distinction between these two areas.