U.S.-Canada Trade Liberalization and MNC Production Location
利用美国经济分析局的机密企业面板数据，研究1983-1992年美加关税削减如何影响美国跨国公司及其加拿大子公司的双边贸易流，发现加拿大关税降低促使子公司增加对美销售、减少国内销售，反驳了“制造业空心化”担忧。
Using confidential firm-level panel data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, we examine how the bilateral trade flows of U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) and their Canadian affiliates responded to U.S.-Canadian tariff reductions from 1983 to 1992. We find that Canadian affiliate sales to the United States are negatively correlated with Canadian tariffs, but U.S. parent sales to Canadian affiliates have little association with Canadian tariffs. These results contradict the notion that Canadian tariff reductions would lead to a "hollowing out" of Canadian manufacturing. We also find substantial heterogeneity in MNC responses to tariff changes within narrowly defined manufacturing industries. Overall, bilateral trade liberalization is trade-creating, as U.S. MNCs integrated their North American production such that Canadian affiliates increased sales to the United States and reduced domestic sales. 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology