Spatial diversity in invention: evidence from the early R&D labs
利用早期美国企业研发实验室的历史数据，发现四分之一的发明人居住在距其专利所属公司最近实验室30英里通勤半径之外，且远离实验室的发明技术重要性更高，表明企业从城市非实验室地点获取互补性发明，揭示了创新组织与地理之间的联系。
This article uses historical data on inventor and firm research and development (R&D) lab locations to examine the technological and geographic structure of corporate knowledge capital accumulation during a formative period in the organization of United States innovation. Despite the localization of inventive activity around the labs, one-quarter of inventors lived outside a 30 mile commuting radius of the nearest facility of the firm they assigned their patents to. A strong positive effect of distance from a lab on technological importance is identified, especially for inventors from large cities that were geographically separated from a firm's; labs. A patent case–control method helps explain spatial sourcing by showing that the average quality of externally available inventions was high. Firms selected complementary, not substitute, inventions from non-lab urban locations, suggesting a link between the organization and the geography of innovation.