Innovation Management as a Post‐Modern Phenomenon: The Outsourcing of Pharmaceutical R&D
研究了大型制药企业如何用市场控制取代官僚控制，将研发外包，并利用英国政府统计数据展示了1989至1995年间外部研发支出从内部研发的5%增至16%的趋势。
The institutionalization of R&D by large, modern organizations is regarded as one of the most significant social and economic factors of the twentieth century. In recent years post‐modern organizations have begun to replace bureaucratic control with market control. This approach is particularly attractive in the case of R&D employees who have been relatively successful in resisting direct managerial control. Government statistics are used to demonstrate that external R&D increased from 5% to 16% of internal R&D expenditure between 1989 and 1995. This trend is examined in the context of consolidation within the UK pharmaceutical industry, which has considerable implications for the sustainability of high‐technology industry in the UK.