The benefits and costs of training: A comparison of formal company training, vendor training, outside seminars, and school-based training
研究了美国23-35岁成年人培训的收益与成本，发现培训能显著提高收入但接受培训的人很少，且工人几乎不承担培训成本。
This paper presents estimates of the amount of training received by a large sample of United States adults aged 23–35 and uses a more sophisticated model than many previous studies to analyze training's impact on earnings. While workers reap substantial benefits from training, only a small minority actually receive it. Workers generally do not work fewer hours or accept lower wages during training, so they apparently bear few training costs. The low incidence of training may be due to Federal regulations that prevent employers from sharing training costs with their employees. Implications for managers, employees, and society are discussed. & copy; 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.