Employment Determination in British Industry: Investigations Using Micro- Data
构建并估计了一个就业模型，考虑工会与企业在工资和就业上的谈判以及效率工资因素。基于200多家英国企业的数据，发现就业与自身工资负相关，与自身工资相对于外部机会的变化也负相关，后者可能反映效率工资效应。
This paper derives, and then estimates, a model of employment where unions and firms bargain over wages and possibly employment, and efficiency wage considerations may be important. It illustrates the difficulties associated in interpreting many existing attempts to discriminate between alternative models. The results (based on over 200 U.K. firms) suggest that employment is negatively related to the firm's own wage and the change in the own wage relative to outside opportunities. The latter may be an efficiency wage effect. Various financial factors are also seen to have a significant effect on employment.