‘Inside the Moment of Managing’: Wittgenstein and the Everyday Dynamics of Our Expressive-Responsive Activities
指出，管理研究常忽视具体细节，采用与对待物理对象相同的方式探究他人，导致操控而非理解。维特根斯坦的哲学方法有助于获得对独特人事的独特理解，从而在实际情境中继续前行。
It is easy to ignore small, concrete, and idiosyncratic details as unimportant in our inquiries into management processes. Indeed, at the moment, we feel that if we are to improve them and to avoid mistakes, then we must still seek a better understanding of them in the same way that we seek a better understanding of all else in the world around us in the proposing of theories of the supposed ‘hidden’ causes responsible for the outcomes of the management process, and in seeking and discussing evidence in favor of (and against) such explanatory theories. In other words, we adopt the same mode of inquiry toward other people (and other living things) as toward inert, physical objects. Wittgenstein’s philosophy, however, is oriented toward showing us that if we fail to distinguish between the relations we can have with living beings as compared to those with dead things, then we can mislead ourselves in ways that can have disastrous consequences for us. With respect to the process of managing, instead of achieving an easy familiarity with it, our current methods of inquiry can lead us to achieve only the power of manipulation and control. Rather than our understanding regularities and repetitions, Wittgenstein’s methods can help us understand how we can arrive at unique understandings of unique persons and events - the kind of understandings that enable us to ‘go on’ in a practical situation.