The Development of Product and Process Improvements in Work Groups
通过分析四个工作小组的案例，发现改进通常是对即时问题或外部建议的反应，且多在日常工作中自然发生，个人创意和跟进至关重要。
Case studies of product and process improvements in four work groups were analyzed to determine the extent to which formal planned change processes; ad hoc, emergent change processes; individual activities; and group activities contributed to those improvements. Results showed that (a) improvements were nearly always a reaction to an immediate problem or a suggestion from someone outside the group; (b) the development and implementation of ideas for change usually took place as group members pursued their normal work activities; and (c) individual ideas for change and individual follow through were important. Together these results suggest that a theory of process and product improvements in groups must include reactive, emergent processes; proactive, deliberate processes; and a better understanding of how individual commitment to innovation and change contribute to group success.