The Economics of the FIFA Football Worldcup
研究了2002年世界杯中球队和裁判的表现，发现东道主优势显著，球队排名作用不大，裁判影响不可忽视，且过往世界杯经验对裁判表现影响最大。
Summary The expansion of economics to ‘non‐market topics’ has received increased attention in recent years. The economics of sports (football) is such a sub‐field. This paper reports empirical evidence of team and referee performances in the FIFA World Cup 2002. The results reveal that being a hosting nation has a significant impact on the probability of winning a game. Furthermore, the strength of a team measured with the FIFA World Ranking does not play the important role presumed, which indicates that the element of uncertainty is working. The findings also indicate that the influence of a referee on the game result should not be neglected. Finally, the previous World Cup experiences seem to have the strongest impact on referees' performances during the game.