Reciprocal threats in multimarket rivalry: staking out ‘spheres of influence’ in the U.S. airline industry
研究了美国航空公司在多市场竞争中，利用对手重要市场（尤其是枢纽）的立足点来降低对手在自己重要市场的竞争强度，从而维持自身主导地位（势力范围）的现象。
The paper investigates the outcomes of multimarket competition among U.S. scheduled airlines when the interests and positions of the airlines differ in the mutually contested markets. Asymmetry in territorial interests provides multimarket competitors with footholds in important markets of their rivals, which can be used to deter the behavior of the rivals in other markets. Evidence suggests that airlines use footholds in their rivals’ important markets (particularly in their hubs) to reduce the competitive intensity of those rivals in the airlines’ own important markets (their hubs), and sustain their dominant positions (or spheres of influence) in those markets. Copyright© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.