Flexibility for Whom? Control over Work Schedule Variability in the US
基于美国1997-2004年数据，发现无控制权的可变工作时间岗位快速增长，这类岗位更可能由男性、黑人和移民担任，而有孩子的白人女性则较少从事，加剧了工作与家庭冲突和性别分工。
Abstract According to the May Work Schedules and Work at Home Supplement of the Current Population Survey in 1997, 2001, and 2004, the proportion of employees in the United States with variable starting and/or stopping times who do not control their schedules has increased rapidly since the late 1990s. This category included one out of nine civilian employees ages 18–65 in 2004. These jobs have increased rapidly within industries and occupations. The incumbents of these jobs are more likely to be men, black, and immigrant; white, US-born women' chances of holding such jobs are greatly reduced by their responsibility for children. These findings identify a growing tendency to structure jobs so as to exacerbate the conflict between family work and paid employment, and to reinforce the gender division of labor between home and wage labor, especially in the most disadvantaged communities within the US.