Ownership, Agency, and Wages: An Examination of Franchising in the Fast Food Industry
比较了公司直营与特许经营快餐店的员工薪酬差异，发现直营店薪酬略高，且工资随工龄增长更快，表明监控难度影响薪酬水平与结构。
This paper estimates the difference in compensation between company-owned and franchisee-owned fast food restaurants. The contrast is of interest because contractual arrangements give managers of company-owned outlets less of an incentive to monitor and supervise employees. Estimates based on two data sets suggest that employee compensation is slightly greater at company-owned outlets than at franchisee-owned outlets. The earnings gap is 9 percent for assistant and shift managers and 2 percent for full-time crew workers. Furthermore, the tenure-earnings profile is steeper at company-owned restaurants. These findings suggest that monitoring difficulties influence the timing and generosity of compensation.