A behavioural analysis of the subsistence standard of living
将生存视为内生变量，通过分析劳动供给曲线中低收入段的特征来度量生存和存活标准，并运用森和阿罗的自由概念进行理论解释。
Subsistence is analysed as an endogenous variable, contrary to its conventional exogenous treatment. It is postulated that the subsistence-livers perceive their own standard of subsistence, direct their earnings behaviour towards attaining, maintaining or exceeding this standard and, thus, reveal the standard through this behaviour. The labour supply function of the working poor, which displays a forward-falling segment at low wages and an upward-rising segment at higher wages, is hypothesised to offer measures of subsistence and survival standards. The concepts are rationalised using Sen's concept of 'freedom of choice' and Arrow's concept of 'freedom as flexibility'. It is argued that at below-subsistence living, individuals lack freedom of flexibility in choosing their preferences and thus suffer the loss of freedom of choice--while subsistence offers a reasonable minimum of this freedom, the freedom is completely lost at the lowest survival standard. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.