Changes in the Cyclical Behavior of Real Wage Rates, 1870–1990
研究发现，现代家庭消费篮子比过去更“成品化”，导致实际工资的周期行为发生变化：二战后实际工资呈顺周期，而此前可能无周期甚至逆周期。
A modern household's consumption bundle is more finished than that of a typical worker in the past: the average consumption good passes through more stages of production before purchase. This has affected the cyclical behavior of wages relative to the price of the consumption bundle because wages are more procyclical relative to prices of more-finished goods. Nowadays real consumption wages are procyclical. They were less procyclical before the Second World War, and they may have been acyclical or even countercyclical before the First World War.