Regional Integration and Lobbying for Tariffs Against Nonmembers
用一个三国三商品的政治经济模型，分析区域贸易安排（如自贸区与关税同盟）如何影响对非成员国的关税政策，发现一体化程度越深，保护主义可能越强。
We study the impact of regional trading arrangements (RIAs) on tariff policy toward nonmembers in a three‐good, three‐country political economy model. Comparing free‐trade areas (FTAs) with and without rules of origin and customs unions (CUs) with varying degrees of economic and political integration, we show how increasingly deep integration can lead to rising protection against nonmember imports. Other differences between FTAs and CUs, like the extent of free‐riding in a CU and any component of a CU's tariff designed to improve the members' terms of trade, are not explicitly accounted for. Nevertheless, the results suggest that FTAs are likely to welfare dominate CUs.