TRANSBOUNDARY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FLOWS IN REGIONAL INPUT‐OUTPUT MODELS*
针对区域投入产出模型忽略个人收入与消费跨区域流动的问题，提出按收入产生、接收和支出地点分类的新核算框架，并计算典型模型中乘数的向上偏差。
ABSTRACT. Nearly all regional input‐output models have been constructed without a proper accounting of inflows and outflows of personal income and personal consumption expenditures. Typically invoked is a no cross‐payments assumption, analogous to the no cross‐hauling assumption for commodities. We present a new accounting framework based on the classification of flows according to the location of income generation, receipt, and spending, and argue that only flows endogenous in all three respects should be part of a closed regional I‐O model. We use the framework to compute the upward bias in multipliers in a typical regional I‐O model. We also present several methods for estimating transboundary flows.