Do Gender Disparities in Employment Increase Profitability? Evidence from the United States
研究了1982-1997年间美国女性就业增加是否促进了利润率上升，发现女性就业降低了性别工资差距，从而减缓了工资份额下降，但服务业生产率下降快于工资的异常现象影响了总体结果。
Abstract This paper investigates whether the contribution of the declining share of wages in national income to the upswing in profitability between 1982 and 1997 in the United States was aided by the growing incorporation of women into employment. The analysis finds that women helped moderate the decline in the aggregate wage share. The reduction in gender pay disparity overwhelmed the negative effect of women's growing share of market work on the wage share. However, in (one-digit) sectors where wage shares fell, women did not contribute to restraining the fall, indicating that the aggregate outcome was the net result of distinct sectoral trends in women's employment conditions. We argue that the perverse process of labor productivity falling faster than the real wage in the service sector may have played a key role in shaping the aggregate outcome. The post-1997 trends in the US are discussed in a postscript.