Sex, Gender, and the Work-to-Family Interface: Exploring Negative and Positive Interdependencies
研究全职管理者和专业人员，发现女性比男性体验到更多积极溢出，主要因为女性气质更高；家庭角色显著性高的人冲突更低，但角色分割在减少冲突的同时也减少了积极溢出。
This study of full-time managers and professionals examined whether variables selected from theories of the psychology of gender as well as identity, boundary, and role theories explained effects of sex on work-to-family conflict and “positive spillover.” Women experienced higher positive spillover than men, primarily because they were higher in femininity. Although women did not experience different levels of conflict than men, individuals who scored higher on measured family role salience, which was positively related to femininity, experienced lower levels of conflict. Role segmentation not only reduced conflict but also had the unintended consequence of reducing positive spillover.