The Labor Market Impact of Mandated Employment Verification Systems
研究了2004-2010年美国各州强制实施就业验证系统对可能无合法身份工人的就业和工资的影响，发现该政策显著降低了他们的就业概率，但对工资影响不一，并可能将劳动力重新分配到农业等特定行业。
Employment verification systems covered about one out of four people hired in the United States in 2010. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of state-level employment verification mandates on the employment and wages of likely unauthorized workers across the entire United States between 2004 and 2010. We find that E-Verify mandates, particularly those covering all employers, significantly curtail the employment likelihood of likely unauthorized male and female workers. However, they appear to have mixed effects on wages and may redistribute likely unauthorized labor towards industries often benefiting from specific exclusions, such as agriculture or food services.