TWO‐TIER PRICING FOR MILK: A RE‐EXAMINATION
重新审视欧盟牛奶两层定价方案，指出配额制度降低了行政成本，并分析了两种不同组合对生产者收入的影响。
Principal objections to two‐tier pricing have centred on administrative complexities and the ‘transparent’ nature of its cost. However, the credibility of two‐tier pricing for milk within the European Community is now enhanced by the existence of a quota scheme and by recent levels of budgetary expenditure. Potential features of two‐tier pricing are that farm support can be more readily directed at selected recipients and that lowering of market prices for milk relieves consumers from some of the burden of this support. A major attraction is that the existing quota system allows for an immediate ready‐made transition. In this paper, two applications are developed. Both allow varying combinations of quota level and support price, but differ in their impact on producers' incomes. Some degree of national flexibility within the Community is also explored.