Privatization in the United States
研究美国县如何选择公共服务提供方式（政府内部提供还是外包给私人），发现州政府廉洁法和支出限制促进私有化，而强大的公共工会阻碍私有化，政治庇护和纳税人对政府支出的抵制也起重要作用。
In the United States, the two principal modes of producing local government services are inhouse provision by government employees and contracting out to private suppliers, also known as privatization. We examine empirically how United States counties choose their mode of providing services. The evidence indicates that state clean-governance laws and state restricting county spending encourage privatization, whereas strong public unions discourage it. The evidence is inconsistent with the view that efficiency considerations along govern the provision mode, and points to the important roles played by political patronage and taxpayer resistance to government spending in the privatization decision.