Configurations in operations: an emerging area of study
本特刊展示了如何将构型研究方法（如分类学和类型学）应用于运营管理主题，包括制造策略、服务运营、维护实践等，旨在推动该领域更广泛地采用这些方法。
The purpose of this special issue is to demonstrate how configuration research methods can be applied to a wide range of Operations Management topics. As a quick review, configuration models are “multidimensional profiles used to describe organizational, strategy, or process types” (Bozarth and McDermott, 1998, p. 427). Included under the configuration banner are typologies, which describe ideal types (e.g. Miles and Snow, 1978; Hill, 1994) and taxonomies, which classify existing organizational phenomena into distinct categories (e.g. Miller and Roth, 1994). Many of the phenomena OM researchers seek to study — manufacturing and services strategies, AMT or TQM adoption patterns, supply chain structures — fit naturally into the configuration perspective. Configuration models are well suited to studying complex, multivariate organizational phenomena. The methods for conducting configuration research are already well established in other disciplines, and could be easily applied to Operations Management issues. The Operations area as a whole is being held back by the under-utilization of configuration research methods and the resulting lack of rigorously tested taxonomies and typologies. From these observations came the idea for a special issue dedicated to configuration research in Operations Management. Specifically, we wanted to encourage our colleagues to adopt and use configuration research methods — including the development and testing of taxonomies and typologies — to attack many of the important research questions facing our area. While dedicating a special issue to a particular research approach may seem unusual, there were good reasons for doing so. The first is the noticeable gap between the questions many OM researchers are asking and the tools used to test these questions. Evidence of this gap can be found in the manufacturing strategy area, where the majority of typologies and taxonomies remain untested (Bozarth and McDermott, 1998) due in large part to a lack of familiarity with configurational approaches. The second reason is more subtle. Many of us are familiar with the saying, “to someone with a hammer, everything looks like a nail.” The traditional research tools, or “hammers,” used by OM researchers are often ill-suited to studying multivariate, complex organizational phenomena. As a result, we too often structure our research questions to fit the tools at hand, leading to a preponderance of models with “a limited number of variables … and assumptions of linearity driven more by the statistical technique than by theory” (Bozarth and McDermott, 1998). The mission of this special issue is to illustrate the power of configuration models and research methods, and the variety of research questions that can be addressed by them. The call for papers resulted in over 30 submissions. Some papers were returned after an initial screening by the guest editors, not because they were poor papers, but because they did not fit the special issue's mission. Papers that fit the mission were subjected to a double-blind review process, following the Journal of Operations Management guidelines. In addition to JOM's regular set of review questions, guest reviewers evaluated each paper's configuration model on a number of dimensions. Typologies were rated on their level of theoretical interest, degree of development, testability, and ability to offer important insights. Taxonomies were rated on slightly different criteria, including their ability to generate important insights, generalizability, the classifying variables used (were they relevant to the research question at hand?), and the research methodology. Papers that made it past the first set of reviews were then assigned to a guest associate editor, again using a double-blind format. The guest editors made the final decisions on which papers would be included in the special issue. The articles that appear in this special issue span a wide range of topics, yet, all illustrate nicely how the configuration perspective can be applied to operations. In “Approaches to Mass Customization: Configurations and Empirical Evidence,” Rebecca Duray and Peter Ward develop and validate an empirical model that classifies mass customizers based on consumer involvement in design and product modularity. The authors then explore the different approaches to mass customization within this classification scheme by comparing the manufacturing tactics of each type. Process and performance implications of the various mass customization configurations are also discussed. Ravi Kathuria (Competitive priorities and managerial performance: a taxonomy of small manufacturers) uses multiple respondent data from 98 manufacturing units to develop a taxonomy of small manufacturers based on their emphasis on several competitive priorities. Kathuria's results suggest that the best performing manufacturers (in terms of customer satisfaction) also emphasize the broadest set of competitive priorities. Services are also well represented. In “Configurations of Low-Contact Services,” Rohit Verma and Scott Young use cluster analysis to develop a taxonomy of low-contact services, an area that the literature typically treats as a single homogeneous group. The authors go on to test the link between each taxon's objectives, competitive priorities, and performance. Rich Metters and Vicente Vargas (A Typology of De-coupling Strategies in Mixed Services) develop a typology of de-coupling strategies for mixed services that involve both front and back-office tasks. Their typology segments strategies based on the strategic operational focus (service or cost) and on the level of de-coupling between front- and back-office activities. The typology offers insights into different ways that service firms can structure their operations, and demonstrates how service firms can de-couple operations in various ways to achieve diverse objectives, yet, maintain equifinality in performance. Two papers deal directly with planning and control activities within manufacturing organizations. Daina Dennis and Jack Meredith examine a group of industries that has received relatively little study in “An Analysis of Process Industry Production and Inventory Systems.” They classify the P&IM systems of 19 process industry firms as simple, common, WIP controlled or computerized. The data is gathered using in-depth field studies. Dennis and Meredith's findings lend important insights to firms in the process industries — those that add value by mixing, separating, forming, and/or chemical reactions by either batch or continuous mode. Patrik Jonsson examines the maintenance practices of 253 Swedish manufacturing in his paper, “Towards an Holistic Understanding of Disruptions in Operations Management.” Three approaches to maintenance are identified: “Proactive Maintainers” that emphasize preventive maintenance policies, “IT Maintainers” that rely on computerized, company-wide integrated information systems and “Maintenance Laggers” that lagged on all the maintenance dimensions. Jonsson also finds small performance differences across the groups and suggests which approaches are best for different operations strategies. Greg Stock and Mohan Tatikonda (A typology of project-level technology transfer processes) start from the premise that technological uncertainty will determine the most effective form of interaction between two organizations involved in a technology transfer effort. The authors draw from several literature streams to build a typology of four “transfer process types” and illustrate various types using real life examples. They end by describing how the typology could be tested in future works. In discussions with our colleagues, we often run up against the common misconception that taxonomies are “empirical” while typologies are “conceptual.” Yet, taxonomies do not have to be empirically tested (although there are strong reasons for doing so), and typologies can be tested quite rigorously, as the general strategy literature has demonstrated (Doty et al., 1993; Kotha and Vadlamani, 1995; Venkatraman and Prescott, 1990). Rather, the fundamental distinction is that taxonomies provide comprehensive classification systems (including “good” and “bad” phenomena) while typologies only describe ideal types. That said, the articles in this special issue demonstrate how researchers can address either taxonomical or typological issues, or both. On the one hand, Kathuria (manufacturing strategies), Dennis and Meridith (P&IM systems) and Jonsson (maintenance policies) focus exclusively on developing taxonomies. No one will confuse Kathuria's “Starters” and Jonsson's “Maintenance Laggers” for ideal types. At the other extreme, Metters and Vargas' (mixed services) and Stock and Tatikonda's (inward technology transfer) concentrate on the development of theoretically sound typologies. Neither article purports to provide a taxonomy that would classify all phenomena, good and bad. The remaining two articles demonstrate how taxonomical and typological questions can be addressed in the same work. Duray and Ward and Verma and Young both use clustering techniques to classify existing organizations. As such, each offers a potential taxonomical model. Yet, each paper also includes a discussion and analysis of the links between organizational characteristics and performance. This represents a first step toward developing multidimensional profiles of ideal types. It is our hope that this special issue is only the beginning. As is witnessed by the articles presented here, the configurational approach can and should play a central role in the way research is done in the field as we move forward. The nature of operations will encourage researchers to expand our efforts to also include the types of multi-organizational phenomenon (e.g. supply chains) that are now so critical to effective management practice. Further, this type of research clearly lends itself to models of change processes within operations, and the states firms pass through along paths toward improvement. As we become more comfortable with this approach, it is our hope that this will become a fruitful path of research, bringing both increasing rigor and relevance to our field. The guest editors would like to thank the many reviewers of the articles that were submitted to this project. Without their help, this special issue would not have been possible. The reviewers for the special issue were: Lynda Aiman-Smith, North Carolina State University; Linda Angell, Pennsylvania State University; Kim Bates, University of Toronto; Tonya Boone, The Ohio State University; Robert Burgess, Georgia State University; Amelia Carr, The Ohio State University; Steve Chapman, North Carolina State University; Dave Christy, Pennsylvania State University; David Collier, The Ohio State University; Sarv Devaraj, University of Notre Dame; J. Rob Dixon, Boston University; Rick Dramen, University of Alabama; James Evans, University of Cincinnati; Barb Flynn, Wake Forest University; Noel Greis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Robert Handfield, North Carolina State University; Mark Hanna, Miami University; James Hill, The Ohio State University; David Hollingworth, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Jay Jayaram, University of Oregon; Robert Jones, DePaul University; Jay Kim, Boston University; Dan Krause, Utah State University; Marianne Lewis, University of Cincinnati; Archie Lockamy, Florida A&M University; Vince Mabert, Indiana University; Steve Markham, North Carolina State University; John McCreery, North Carolina State University; Curt McLaughlin, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Satish Mehra, University of Memphis; Larry Menor, University of Western Ontario; Susan Meyer, University of Minnesota; Janis Miller, Clemson University; Ashok Mukherjee, Case Western Reserve University; Margaret Noble, Bryant College; Rocky Newman, Miami University; Winter Nie, Thunderbird University; Scott O'Leary-Kelly, University of Arkansas; Mark Pagell, Kansas State University; Karen Papke-Shields, Salisbury State University; Fay Payton, North Carolina State University; Madeleine Pullman, Southern Methodist University; Steven Rosenthal, Boston University; Manus Rungtusanatham, Arizona State University; Hossein Safizadeh, Boston College; Danny Samson, University of Melbourne; Joseph Sarkis, Clark University; Ken Schultz, Indiana University; Dan Steele, University of South Carolina; Gregory Stock, Northern Illinois University; Morgan Swink, Michigan State University; Mohan Tatikonda, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Gyula Vastag, Michigan State University; Rohit Verma, DePaul University; Robert Vokurka, Texas A&M University; Steve Walton, Emory University; John Wacker, Iowa State University; Michael Way, Indiana University; Darryl Wilson, Florida State University; Gregg Young, North Carolina State University; Bill Youngdahl, Thunderbird University. In addition, we would also like to thank Rebecca Duray, Anil Khurana and Jan Hartley, our guest associate editors, for their hard work and thoughtful assistance in this process. Finally, we would like to thank Jack Meredith, the Editor-in-Chief of JOM for his guidance in managing this process.