Using Brazil's Racial Continuum to Examine the Short-Term Effects of Affirmative Action in Higher Education
研究巴西利亚大学2004年实施的种族配额制，发现该政策提高了黑人学生比例，且被挤占的申请者来自社会经济地位更低的家庭，但未降低学生入学前的努力程度。
In 2004, the University of Brasilia established racial quotas. We find that quotas raised the proportion of black students, and that displacing applicants were from lower socioeconomic status families than displaced applicants. The evidence suggests that racial quotas did not reduce the preuniversity effort of applicants or students. Additionally, there may have been modest racial disparities in college academic performance among students in selective departments, though the policy did not impact these. The findings also suggest that racial quotas induced some individuals to misrepresent their racial identity but inspired other individuals, especially the darkest-skinned, to consider themselves black.